How Experience Changes Brain Plasticity

How Experience Changes Brain Plasticity Theories Biological Psychology Print How Experience Changes Brain Plasticity By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on December 13, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 26, 2019 More in Theories Biological Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand History How It Works Types Characteristics How the Brain Changes View All Back To Top Brain plasticity, also known as neuroplasticity, is a term that refers to the brains ability to change and adapt as a result of experience. When people say that the brain possesses plasticity, they are not suggesting that the brain is similar to plastic. Neuro refers to neurons, the nerve cells that are the building blocks of the brain and nervous system, and plasticity refers to the brains malleability. Verywell / JR Bee History and Research on Brain Plasticity Up until the 1960s, researchers believed that changes in the  brain  could only take place during infancy and childhood. By early adulthood, it was believed that the brains physical structure was mostly permanent. Modern research has demonstrated that the brain continues to create new neural pathways and alter existing ones in order to adapt to new experiences, learn new information, and create new memories. Psychologist William James suggested that the brain was perhaps not as unchanging as previously believed way back in 1890. In his book The Principles of Psychology, he wrote, Organic matter, especially nervous tissue, seems endowed with a very extraordinary degree of plasticity. However, this idea went largely ignored for many years. In the 1920s, researcher Karl Lashley provided evidence of changes in the neural pathways of rhesus monkeys. By the 1960s, researchers began to explore cases in which older adults who had suffered massive strokes were able to regain functioning, demonstrating that the brain was much more malleable than previously believed. Modern researchers have also found evidence that the brain is able to rewire itself following damage. Reasons Why the Brain Was Seen as Unchangeable In his groundbreaking book The Brain that Changes Itself: Stories of Personal Triumph From the Frontiers of Brain Science, Norman Doidge suggests that this belief that the brain was incapable of change primarily stemmed from three major sources, including: The ancient belief that the brain was much like an extraordinary machine, capable of astonishing things yet incapable of growth and changeThe observation that people who had suffered serious brain damage were often unable to recoverThe inability to actually observe the microscopic activities of the brain played a role in the idea that the brain was relatively fixed Thanks to modern advances in technology, researchers are able to get a never-before-possible look at the brains inner workings. As the study of modern neuroscience flourished, researchers demonstrated that people are not limited to the mental abilities they are born with and that damaged brains are often quite capable of remarkable change. How Brain Plasticity Works The human brain is composed of approximately 86 billion neurons. Early researchers believed that neurogenesis, or the creation of new neurons, stopped shortly after birth. Today, its understood that the brain possesses the remarkable capacity to reorganize pathways, create new connections, and, in some cases, even create new neurons. How Many Neurons Are In the Brain? Types of Brain Plasticity There are two types of neuroplasticity, including: Functional plasticity:  The brains ability to move functions from a damaged area of the brain to other undamaged areas.Structural plasticity:  The brains ability to actually change its physical structure as a result of learning. Characteristics of Neuroplasticity There are are a few defining characteristics of neuroplasticity. Age Plays a Role While plasticity occurs throughout the lifetime, certain types of changes are more predominant during specific life ages. The brain tends to change a great deal during the early years of life, for example, as the immature brain grows and organizes itself. Generally, young brains tend to be more sensitive and responsive to experiences than much older brains. Plasticity Involves Many Processes Plasticity is ongoing throughout life and involves brain cells other than neurons, including glial and vascular cells. It Happens for Many Reasons Plasticity can occur as a result of learning, experience, and memory formation, or as a result of damage to the brain. While people used to believe that the brain became fixed after a certain age, newer research has revealed that the brain never stops changing in response to learning. In instances of damage to the brain, such as during a stroke, the areas of the brain associated with certain functions may be damaged. Eventually, healthy parts of the brain may take over those functions and the abilities can be restored. Environmental Factors Are Important   Genetics can also have an influence. The interaction between the environment and genetics also plays a role in shaping the brains plasticity. Plasticity Is Not Always Good Brain changes are often seen as improvements, but this is not always the case. In some instances, the brain might be influenced by psychoactive substances or pathological conditions that can lead to detrimental effects on the brain and behavior. How Our Brains Change The first few years of a childs life are a time of rapid brain growth. At birth, every neuron in the cerebral cortex has an estimated 2,500 synapses; by the  age of three, this number has grown to a whopping 15,000 synapses per neuron. The average adult, however, has about half that number of synapses. Why? Because as we gain new experiences, some connections are strengthened while others are eliminated. This process is known as synaptic pruning. Neurons that are used frequently develop stronger connections and those that are rarely or never used eventually die. By developing new connections and pruning away weak ones, the brain is able to adapt to the changing environment. 9 Quick Facts About the Brain